Distribution and status of the harlequin duck, Histrionicus histionicus [sic] on the Gallatin National Forest, Montana

Ulij Hife4) WuuS

DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS OF THE
HARLEQUIN DUCK, Histrionicus histionicus

ON THE GALLATIN NATIONAL FOREST, MONTANA

Barrel 1 Markum

Montana Natural Heritage Program
1515 East Sixth Avenue
Helena , Montana 59620

for the

Gallatin National Forest
Bozeman, Montana

September 17, 1990

SUMMARY

Harlequin duck surveys were conducted on 12 streams in the
Gallatin National Forest and two streams in the Custer National
Forest during the period May - August, 1990. Most stream sections
were surveyed at least twice, once during the early part of the
season and a second time later in the season. Survey sections were
selected by size and gradient. Harlequin ducks were observed only
on a short section of the Boulder River on three separate days. A
total of 18 harlequins were seen but these probably represent only
15 individual ducks as some probably were seen more than once. The
breakdown of observations is as follows; 19 May - one pair; 6 June
- five adult males, one pair, and one adult female; 23 August -
eight individuals of undetermined sex and age. Behavioral
observations included swimming, loafing, preening, feeding, and
mating. The number of harlequin observations was too small to make
meaningful comparisons or predictions of habitat use patterns. The
observations that were made compare favorably with results obtained

SUMMARY

Harlequin duck surveys were conducted on 12 streams in the
Gallatin National Forest and two streams in the Custer National
Forest during the period May - August, 1990. Most stream' sections
were surveyed at least twice, once during the early part of the
season and a second time later in the season. Survey sections were
selected by size and gradient. Harlequin ducks were observed only
on a short section of the Boulder River on three separate days. A
total of 18 harlequins were seen but these probably represent only
15 individual ducks as some probably were seen more than once. The
breakdown of observations is as follows : 19 May - one pair? 6 June
- five adult males, one pair, and one adult female? 23 August -
eight individuals of undetermined sex and age. Behavioral
observations included swimming, loafing, preening, feeding, and
mating. The number of harlequin observations was too small to make
meaningful comparisons or predictions of habitat use patterns. The
observations that were made compare favorably with results obtained
from a study in Grand Teton National Park. In general, harlequins
appear to prefer streams of low gradient (<3 degrees) with gently
sloping banks (<45 degrees) which have a dense cover of perennial
shrubs. Several streams in the study area appeared to offer
suitable habitat that was not being used by harlequins. However,
because of their size, color (especially hens and young) , and
habitat preference it is difficult to spot harlequins in the field.
Although the survey effort was very thorough it is possible that
some harlequins may have been overlooked on some streams. If other
populations do exist in this area they are likely to be small and
transitory. Additional survey work in this area will be dependent
on the needs of management agencies. Further study on harlequin
duck biology and habitat needs would be more profitable in areas
with higher harlequin duck densities.

INTRODUCTION

The harlequin duck ( Histrionicus histrionicus ) is a member
of the tribe Mergini (sea ducks) and as such is taxonomically
related to the eiders ( Somateria sp. and Polysticta stelleri ) ,
scoters (MeOanitta) , and oldsquaw (Clangula h yemalis ) (Johnsgard
1978) . However, because of their preference for isolated, swift-
flowing mountain streams as breeding habitat, harlequin ducks
appear to be more similar ecologically to the torrent duck
( Merganetta armata) of South America and the blue duck
(H ymenolaimus malachorhvnchos ) of New Zealand (Bengston 1966) .

The distribution of the harlequin duck is divided into
distinct eastern and western populations (Figure 1) (Bellrose
198 0) . The relatively small eastern population extends across
northeastern North America, Greenland, and Labrador, reaching its
Uhighest density in Iceland (Bengston 1966) . The western
population is found near the west coast of North America from
northern California to Alaska, with the greatest numbers
occurring in the Aleutian Islands; a small number also may be
found along the coast of the Siberian peninsula (Bellrose 1980) .

Throughout their range harlequin ducks tend to winter on
rocky wave-pounded ocean coasts and breed on isolated swift-
flowing mountain streams (Bengston 1966, Johnsgard 1978) . The
majority of the western population winters on the Aleutian Island
National Wildlife Refuge where up to one million harlequins may
be found (Bellrose 1980) . Further south, Christmas bird counts
have found only 500 birds along the coast of British Columbia and

INSERT FIGURE 1 HERE

only 25-50 birds along the coasts of Washington and Oregon; there
also are scattered reports of harlequins wintering along the
coast of northern California (Bellrose 1980) . Occasionally
harlequins are sighted wintering inland in the Rocky Mountains
but these reports are rare (see Wallen 1987) .

The breeding range of the western population extends inland,
following the Cascade and Sierra ranges south into northern
California, and the Rocky Mountain range west and south, across
northern Idaho and western Montana, into the northwestern corner
of Wyoming (Bellrose 1980) . Considered rare in Idaho (Burleigh
1972) , recent surveys have found breeding harlequins in several
drainages in the Idaho panhandle north of the Lochsa River
(Wallen and Groves 1988, 1989) . In Montana, harlequins breed in
small numbers along the Rocky Mountain chain from Glacier
National Park (GNP) (Kuchel 1977) to Yellowstone National Park
(YNP) (T. McEneaney, pers. obs.) and scattered points in between
(D. Genter, pers. obs.)* Breeding harlequins also are known from
Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) , Wyoming (Wallen 1987).

Most detailed knowledge of harlequin duck breeding biology
has come from studies in Iceland (Bengston 1966, 1972) . In North
America, harlequin duck breeding chronology and breeding habitat
have been described for Prince William Sound, Alaska (Dzinbal
1982), Glacier National Park (Kuchel 1977), and Grand Teton
National Park (Wallen 1987) .

Concerning breeding chronology, pair formation usually
occurs on the wintering grounds (Bellrose 1980) . In GTNP, Wallen

(1987) found that harlequin ducks began to arrive on the breeding
grounds during the first week of May. Pairs commonly were

observed on the streams until the onset of incubation in late
June or the first week of July. At this time drakes and unpaired
hens left for the coast while nesting hens remained secluded on
the nest. Broods did not begin to appear on the streams until
mid-July or early August. Hens and broods remained on the
breeding streams until mid-September after which , they also
departed for the coast. This chronology is consistent with the
observations of Kuchel (1977) and Dzinbal (1982) .

Wallen (1987) characterized harlequin duck breeding habitat
in GTNP as low gradient (<3 degrees) mountain streams with'
meandering channels , dense perennial shrubs on the banks, high
water quality, and little or no human disturbance. He also found
that harlequins appeared to prefer stream sections that had >3
midstream loafing sites per 10 m and avoided sections where both
banks approached the stream at >45 degree angle (i.e. bedrock
canyons) .

In Iceland, harlequin ducks tended to nest in dense shrubs
on river islands or in the cracks and crevices formed by large
lava blocks along stream banks, again under dense shrubs
(Bengston 1966, 1972) . No nest sites have been found during
studies in North America but probable nesting habitat has been
inferred from observations of recently hatched broods. Kuchel
(1977) considered dense shrubs surrounding beaver ponds or
abandoned meanders to provide harlequin nesting habitat in GNP.

Similar habitat did not occur along breeding streams in GTNP so
Wallen (1987) considered that dense shrubs along the lowest
gradient (<1 degree) sections of streams where breeding pairs had
been observed was the most likely nesting habitat in that area.

OBJECTIVES

Proper management of a wildlife species is dependent on
knowledge of the distribution and abundance of that species ,
along with its habitat needs and behavioral characteristics.
Therefore, the objectives of this survey effort were first , to
document the distribution and abundance of harlequin ducks on the
Gallatin National Forest, and second, to record the habitat
characteristics of stream sections used by harlequin ducks and
record observations of harlequin duck behavior.

STUDY AREA AND METHODS

Harlequin duck surveys were conducted on sections of 12
streams on the Gallatin National Forest and two streams on the
Custer National Forest (Figure 2) . Streams were selected based on
size (>10 m in width) and gradient (<3 degrees) , following the
criteria used by Wallen and Groves (1988, 1989) in northern
Idaho.

Surveys were conducted from May to August with most stream
sections surveyed at least once during May or June and again

INSERT FIGURE 2 HERE

during July or August (Table 1) . Because this survey was not
formally initiated until the first week of June, little work was
accomplished during May, which may be the best time for observing
pairs (Wallen and Groves 1988, 1989? Cassirer 1989), No surveys
were conducted during the first half of July because of the low
probability of observing harlequins during this time.

Except as noted below, surveys were conducted by walking
upstream as close to the shore as possible and scanning both
upstream and downstream with binoculars. portions of the gallatin
River from Squaw Creek to Big Sky, where the river is easily

observed from the road, were surveyed by bicycle, with frequent
stops to scan with binoculars; the Gallatin River from Big Sky to

Taylor Creek was surveyed by canoe. Portions of Taylor Creek,
Mill Creek, and the Boulder River (19 May only) were checked by

car, again with frequent stops to scan with binoculars.
Informational posters about harlequin ducks were placed at Forest
Service campgrounds in the survey area by personnel of Gallatin
National Forest. Posters also were handed out to rafting/fishing
outfitters on the Gallatin River.

Stream lengths and/or gradients were determined from USGS
topographical maps. general habitat conditions were described
qualitatively for locations where harlequin ducks were observed
and generally followed the characteristics used by wallen (1987).
These characteristics include bank vegetation (coniferous forest,
shrubland, meadow, open), bank slope (<>45 degrees), channel
type (meandering, braided, straight, bedrock canyon) , stream

Table 1. Harlequin duck survey routes and dates, Gallatin and Custer
National Forests. May - August 1990.

, w

STREAM

DATES

START

END

^ Beaver

21
8

JUN

Aug

T11S
T11S

R3E
R3E

S21
S21

Nl/2
Sl/2

T10S
T10S

R3E
R3E

S33
S33

Nl/2
Sl/2

" Boulder

19
6

16

7
13
23

May

JUN

Jul
Aug
Aug
Aug

T3S
T4S
T6S
T6S

T4S

T5S
T4S

R12E
R12E
R12E
R12E
R12E
R12E
R12E

S26

S15

S4

S4

S15

S35

S36

Wl/2

NEl/4

SEl/4

NEl/4

NEl/4

SWl/4

SWl/4

T6S

T4S
T6S
T6S

T4S

T6S
T6S

R12E
R12E
R12E
R12E
R12E
R12E
R12E

S21

S36

S21

S21

S36

S4

S21

SWl/4
SWl/4
SWl/4
SWl/4

SWl/4
NEl/4

Nl/2

- East Boulder

19

25
13

May

Jul
Aug

T3S
T4S
T4S

T3S

R13E
R13E
R13E
R13E

S29
S2
S4
S29

Nl/2
Wl/2
NEl/4
Nl/2

T3S
T4S
T4S
T4S

R13E
R13E
R13E
R13E

S32

S14

S14
S4

SEl/4
Sl/2

Sl/2
NEl/4

" West Boulder

28

2

May

Aug

T3S

T3S

RUE

RUE

S25
S36

Nl/2
NW1/4

T4S

T4S

RUE

RUE

S16

S28

SEl/4

SWl/4

r Cabin

21
8

Jun
Aug

T11S
T11S

R3E
R3E

S15
S15

Sl/2
Sl/2

T11S
T11S

R3E
R3E

Sll
Sll

Sl/2
Sl/2

y ' Gallatin

23
27

30

1
21

May
Jul

Jul
Aug
Aug

T4S
T4S

TBS
T6S

T9S

R3E
R4E
R4E
R4E

R4E

S29
S29
S33

S13
S2

SEl/4
SEl/4

SEl/4
NW1/4
SWl/4

T5S
T5S

T5S
T6S

T6S

R4E
R4E
R4E
R4E
R4E

SIS
S33

S2B
S32
S32

NW1/4

SEl/4

Sl/2

SEl/4

SEl/4

• Grayling

22
9

Jun
Aug

T12S
T12S

R5E

R5E

S10

S10

Wl/2
El/2

T12S
T12S

RBE

RBE

S9

S9

SWl/4
SWl/4

7 Hyalite

16
19

Jun
Jun

T3S

T4S

R6E
R6E

S32

S9

SWl/4
NW1/4

T4S
T4S

R6E

R6E

S9

S15

NW1/4

Wl/2

.^Madison

8

Aug

T11S

R3E

S22

NEl/4

111$

R3E

S22

SWl/4

^ Mill

21 May
14 Aug

T5S
T5S

R9E
R9E

S32
S32

SEl/4
SEl/4

T6S
T6S

R10E
R10E

S33
S19

Wl/2
SWl/4

- West Rosebud

14

Jun

T6S

R17E

S33

NW1/4

T7S

R16E

S2

SWl/4

/ Squaw

23

27

May
Jul

T5S
T4S

R4E
R4E

SI
S33

NEl/4
SEl/4

TBS
TBS

RBE
RBE

S6
S6

Wl/2
Wl/2

8

12

JUN

TBS

R15E S21

NE1/4

T5S

13

JUN

T5S

R15E S32

SW1/4

T6S

29

Aug

T5S

R15E S32

SW1/4

T6S

30

Aug

T6S

R14E S24

SW1/4

T7S

Table 1. (continued)

STREAM DATES START END

Stillwater 12 Jun TBS R15E S21 NE1/4 T5S R15E S32 SW1/4

R14E S35 SW1/4
R14E S24 SW1/4
R14E S10 SW1/4

--Taylor 9 Aug T9S R4E S2 SW1/4 T9S R4E S7 SE1/4

gradient, and availability of midstream loafing sites co, 1-3,
>3/10 m) . Stream flow data for the Boulder River drainage was
determined by measurements taken 5 september using the methods of
robbins and crawford (1954). seasonal (1990) and historic (1981-
1990) stream flow data for the boulder and gallatin rivers was
provided by the u.s. geological survey (helena, mt) . gauging
stations are located on the boulder rlver at blg timber and the
Gallatin River at Gallatin Gateway. The Big Timber station does
not provide actual stream flow for the boulder rlver study area
but should accurately reflect relative seasonal and yearly

CHANGES THAT OCCUR AT THE STUDY SITE. THE GALLATIN GATEWAY

station provide actual stream flow data for much of the gallatin
River study area.

RESULTS

Sections of 14 streams were surveyed in Gallatin and Custer
National Forests during May - August 1990 (Figure 2) . These
streams represent all the potential harlequin duck breeding
habitat in gallatin national forest, based on size and gradient
requirements. a description of survey routes is given ii table 1.

9

a total of 18 harlecmjin ducks were observed on the boulder rlver
over three separate days. these probably represent 15 individual
ducks. Harlequins were not observed on any other stream. Some
sightings mere reported in response to the posters but these were
not relayed to the field investigator and have not been verified.

Harlequin Duck Observations

19 May (6:00pm): One pair was observed on the Boulder River

(T6S R12E S9) 0.4 miles (odometer reading) upstream from the

Hilleary bridge (Figure 3) . The pair initially was seen from the
road and appeared to be resting in the relatively calm water near

the west shore , about 40 m downstream from a set of shallow
riffles. As we approached for a closer view the pair quickly

moved upstream with the female in the lead. Both ducks maintained
a low profile with the head held low to the water. However, both
needed the assistance of their wings to negotiate the riffles.
Once beyond the riffles the pair relaxed but continued to move
upstream. They disappeared from view after about five minutes of
observation. Habitat ; Meandering channel with smooth moderate
current below a small section of shallow riffles. Both banks
sloped gradually into the water (<45 degrees) and were forested,
with only a light shrub under story which grew to be moderately
dense (i.e. screening the river from the road) later in the
season. No loafing sites were available. Distance from the road
varied from 5 to 30 m.

10

6 June (11:30am): Five adult males were observed on the
Boulder River (T6S R12E S9) 0.5 miles (odometer reading) upstream
from the Hilleary bridge (Figure 3) . This group of drakes was
seen floating downstream with the main current, which was
separated from a calm backwater area by a gravel bar. The main
current was strong enough in this stretch to raise standing waves
approximately 0.5 m high. The ducks appeared to be doing nothing
more than traveling downstream. They quickly disappeared from
view. Habitat : A straight reach in a generally meandering channel
with a strong current stacked up in short standing waves. Both
banks sloped gradually to the water. The west bank was forested
with an understory of moderately dense shrubs; the east bank was
an open gravel bar which separated the main channel from a
backwater area. There were no loafing sites in this stretch.
Distance to the road was 30-40 m.

6 June (11:30am): One pair was observed on the Boulder River
(T6S R12E S9) 0.5 miles (odometer reading) upstream from the
Hilleary Bridge (Figure 3) . The pair was first seen in a
backwater area along the east bank and was observed for 20
minutes. During the first 10 minutes the pair casually swam
around in small circles, feeding by dipping the bill into the
water, the hen more often than the drake. During this period the
drake would approach the hen and peck at the back of her neck.
Over the last 3-4 minutes of this time period the frequency and
intensity of these pecks quickly increased, culminating with
mounting which lasted 4 seconds. The hen then escaped but was

11

rapidly pursued by the drake. Within a matter of a few seconds
their behavior calmed and the pair swam out to the gravel bar.
They spent the next 10 minutes walking about along the shore and
poking among the rocks with their bills, occasionally stopping to
preen for a few seconds. They were still involved in this
behavior when I left to continue the survey. This pair was seen
about two hours later {2% 00pm) resting on the same gravel bar.
Habitat ; Backwater area formed by a log jam and separated from
the main channel by a gravel bar (see description above) . The
east bank sloped gently to the water and was forested, with an
understory of dense shrubs. Because of the high water at this
time of year, many of the bank shrubs were flooded, providing
cover for the harlequins on the water. Midstream loafing sites
consisted of a few partially submerged logs (1-3/10 m) and the
large gravel bar. Distance from the road was 30-40 m.

6 June (4:00pm): A single adult hen was observed on the
Boulder River (T6S R12E S3) about 400 m downstream from Fourmile
Creek. The hen initially was sighted on a rock on the east bank
of the river. She spent about 1 minute preening then entered the
water and was observed feeding by diving for a couple minutes
more before disappearing from view. Habitat : Meandering channel
with a strong current broken into sections of Whitewater by large
subsurface rocks. The hen used an eddy along the east bank which
was formed by a large boulder which jutted out into the current.
The east bank was cut out and approached the water very steeply.
Adjacent to the water it was composed of large rocks and

12

driftwood and above It was primarily bare soil. The west bank
sloped gently to the water and was forested , with a dense
understory of shrubs which made viewing difficult. No midstream
loafing sites were present because of the high water level but
there were abundant loafing sites along the east bank. Distance
from the road was >200 m but a well-worn trail followed the west
bank and an undeveloped campground was located on the west bank
about 100 m upstream.

23 August (2;00pm)s A group of 8 harlequins of undetermined
age and sex was observed on the Boulder River (T6S R12E S12)
about 500 m downstream from the Alpine Lodge (Figure 3) . A short
time previous to this observation a small group of harlequins was
seen flying upstream from a point 1-2 km downstream from where
the group of 8 was observed. It is believed that these were two
observations of the same group. This group was observed for about
15 minutes as they slowly worked their way downstream, feeding
along the way by bill dipping, head dipping, tipping-up, and
diving. The type of feeding behavior appeared to be related to
water depth. Individuals of the group occasionally would walk out
on shore and preen for a few seconds before returning to the
group. Group members never were separated by more than a total of
15 m. The group traveled about 100 m downstream before
disappearing from view. Habitat : Meandering stream channel with a
relatively gentle current broken by a short stretch of shallow
riffles. Both banks sloped gently to the water and were forested.
Shrub cover was moderately dense on both banks. There were no

13

INSERT FIGURE 3 HERE

14

midstream loafing sites but short gravel bars did occur at
intervals along both banks. Distance from the road was about 2 00
m but a well-worn trail followed the east bank. This trail was
screened from the river by the moderately dense growth of shrubs.

Boulder River Survey Area

The Boulder River was surveyed from Falls Creek campground
to Hicks Park campground. Total distance covered was 26.06 km and
elevation ranged from 1585 m (5200 ft) to 1932 m (6340 ft) . This

equated to a mean gradient of 1.3% or 0.6 degrees. The specific
section of the river from which all harlequin duck observations
came (Figure 3) ran from approximately 400 m downstream of
Fourmile Creek to 300 m upstream of Clear Creek. The length of
this section was 5.14 km and the elevation ranged from 1865 m
(6120 ft) to 1914 m (6280 ft), for a mean gradient of 0.9% or 0.4
degrees. The channel meandered the entire length of the survey
area with the exception of Hell's Canyon, which is a straight,
narrow, bedrock canyon. This was the only section of the Boulder
River survey in which both banks approached the water at >45
degrees angle. Flow volume, measured on 5 September, was 24.95
cms (81.86 cfs) which was the lowest flow during the survey
period. Flow measurements were taken in the harlequin duck
observation area (Figure 3) . Stream flow data recored at the USGS
gauging station in Big Timber is included in Table 2. Similar
data from the Gallatin River are presented for comparison.

15

Historic stream flow values over the past 10 years also are
presented for both rivers (Table 3) . Water quality as determined
by clarity remained high throughout the survey period although
the water was slightly cloudy during the highest flows in May.

Table 2. Monthly average, maximum, and minimum stream discharge
(cfs) for the Boulder and Gallatin rivers, May-Sept 1990 (USGS ,
Helena, MT) .

Boulder Gallatin

mean 723 1498

May min 369 866

max 1960 2740

mean 2206 2904

June min 958 1980

max 4220 4800

mean 1227 1250

July min 327 730

max 3490 2500

mean 206 577

Aug min 119 471

max 316 714

mean 119 418

Sept min 75 378

max 194 484

Other Wildlife Observations

Dippers ( Dolichonvx orvzivorus ) were common on all streams
with the exception of Taylor Creek. Common mergansers (Mergus
merganser ) were observed on the East Boulder, West Boulder,
Stillwater, and Gallatin Rivers. No more than three common
mergansers were seen on any one survey day with the exception of
21 August when a group o 25 and another group of 10 flightless

16

common mergansers were seen on the Gallatin River between Big Sky
and Taylor Creek. Mallards ( Anas platvrhvnchos ) and teal ( Anas
spp.) were seen in small numbers in quiet pools and backwater
areas along the Boulder, West Boulder, and Stillwater rivers.
Canada geese (Branta canadensis ) were observed along calm
sections of the West Boulder and Stillwater rivers.

Table 3. Average, minimum, and maximum stream discharge for the
Boulder and Gallatin rivers for 1981-1990 (USGS, Helena, MT) .

Boulder

Gallatin

year

mean 3

max (mo) b

min(mo) c

mean 8

max (mo) b min(mo) c

1981

532

2722 (jun)

76(sep)

860

3211(jun)

466 (sep)

1982

626

2916(jun)

288 (sep)

*

*

*

1983

543

2419 (jun)

221 (sep)

*

*

*

1984

622

2628(jun)

212 (sep)

*

*

*

1985

383

1441(jun)

172 (aug)

717

2048 (may)

506(sep)

1986

471

2692 (jun)

110 (aug)

884

3691(jun)

522 (sep)

1987

330

1152 (may)

111 (sep)

587

1565 (may)

426(sep)

1988

393

2020(jun)

28 (sep)

655

2191 (may)

364 (sep)

1989

455

2366(jun)

111 (sep)

672

2477 (jun)

401(sep)

1990

474

2206(jun)

119 (sep)

785

2904 (jun)

418 (sep)

a- annual mean (all days) , b- highest monthly mean for period May
- Sept. , c- lowest monthly mean for period May - Sept. , * - no
data.

DISCUSSION

The number of harlequin duck observations was too small to
make meaningful comparisons or predictions of habitat use
patterns. However, the observations that were made compare
favorably with the results obtained from a study in GTNP (Wailen
1987) . For example, no observations were made in locations where
both stream banks approached the water at >45 degree angle or

17

where bank vegetation was open. The Boulder River also had a mean
gradient <3 degrees, which Wallen (1987) considered a requirement
of harlequin breeding habitat. However, all the streams surveyed
during this study had a mean gradient in this range. Finally, the
harlequin duck observation area (Figure 3) appeared to have
suitable nesting habitat in terms of backwater areas and beaver
ponds with dense perennial shrubs around the edges. However,
these areas usually were within a few meters of a heavily used
road. Public use along the river appeared to be moderate except
in close proximity to the road and campgrounds. Wallen (1987)
found that harlequin ducks, especially hens with broods, tended
to avoid areas with much human activity.

The only streams surveyed that did not appear to offer
suitable harlequin duck habitat were Mill, Taylor , Cabin, and
Hyalite creeks. Mill Creek paralleled the road for most of its
length, which forced the creek into a narrow rocky channel with
steep banks. The only area that appeared suitable in terms of
channel and gradient had open banks with little vegetation.
Taylor Creek was at the lower limit of size and the upper limit
of gradient and had little or no vegetation along the banks. This
was the only stream surveyed where dippers were not observed.
Both Cabin and Hyalite creeks probably were too small and steep
for harlequin ducks, having channels confined to narrow canyons.

The West Boulder and Stillwater rivers were very similar in
physiogamy with the exception of the Stillwater River's much
greater size. Both had sections of calm open water flowing

18

through grass/sedge meadows interspersed with sections with
narrow canyons and steep gradients. Suitable habitat did appear
to occur but probably is limited in extent. The lower section of
Beaver Creek appeared to provide all the features of suitable
habitat but the upper half had wide gravel/rock banks which
provided no cover along the stream.

The Gallatin River and West Rosebud Creek appeared to offer
suitable habitat throughout much of their length but both
suffered from heavy human use, particularly fishermen. This may
have discouraged harlequins from using these area. Squaw
Creek also provided good habitat but may have been on the small
side and also may have suffered some from high levels of human
activity.

The East Boulder River was the best candidate for harlequin
duck observations of all streams surveyed. It had all the habitat
features identified by Wallen (1987) and was the only stream
surveyed that did not have a road or trail running along its
length. Grayling Creek also appeared to meet all the
qualifications except possibly that of size.

CONCLUSION

Because of their size, color (especially hens and young) ,
and habitat preference, harlequin ducks are difficult to spot In
the wild. The possibility of overlooking individuals during
surveys must be considered to be quite high. Although I believe

19

that the survey effort as presented in this report was very
thorough , this report does not provide positive proof for the
absence of harlequin ducks in the streams examined. However, if
populations exist on streams beside the Boulder River they are
likely to be very small and transitory.

The Stillwater and Boulder drainages may be at the eastern
edge of harlequin range in Montana. Because so little is known of
the habitat requirements and limits of breeding harlequin ducks
it is difficult to say with certainty that suitable habitat does
exist in these areas in any great amount. Determining the habitat
requirements of harlequin ducks continues to be the most pressing
need for proper management of this species on its breeding
grounds .

Additional survey work in this area will be dependent on the
informational needs of the management agencies. Increasing human
activity along streams and the potential for water quality
degradation from a variety of sources are probably the main
impacts facing harlequin duck habitat in southwestern Montana.
Additional study on the biology and habitat needs of harlequin
ducks would be more fruitful in areas with higher harlequin
densities.

LITERATURE CITED

Bellrose, F.C. 1980. Ducks, geese, and swans of North America.
Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 540pp.

Bengston, S.A. 1966. Field studies of the harlequin duck in
Iceland. Wildfowl Trust Ann. Rep. 17:79-94.

20

Bengston, S.A. 1972. Breeding ecology of harlequin ducks

( Histrionicus histrionicus ) in Iceland. Ornis Scand. 3:1-19.

Burleigh, T.D.1972. Birds of Idaho. Caxton Printers, Ltd.,
Caldwell, ID.

Cassirer, E.F. 1989. Distribution and status of harlequin ducks
( Histrionicus histrionicus ) on the Nez Perce National

Forest, Idaho. Idaho Dep. Fish and Game, Boise.
18pp.

Dzinbal, K.A. 1982. Ecology of harlequin ducks in Prince William
Sound, Alaska, during summer. M.S. Thesis, Oregon St. Univ.,
Corvallis. 89pp.

Johnsgard, P. A. 1978. Ducks, geese, and swans of the world. Univ.
Nebraska Press, Lincoln. 404pp.

Kuchel, C.R. 1977. Some aspects of the behavior and ecology of

harlequin ducks breeding in Glacier National Park, Montana.
M.S. Thesis, Univ. Montana, Missoula. 147pp.

Robins, C.R. and R.W. Crawford. 1954. A short accurate method for

estimating the volume of stream flow. J. Wildl. Mange.
18?366-369.

Wallen, R.L. 1987. Habitat utilization of harlequin ducks in

Grand teton National Park. M.S. Thesis, Montana St. Univ. ,
Bozeman. 67pp.

Wallen, R.L. and C.R. Groves. 1988. Status and distribution of
harlequin ducks ( Histrionicus histrionicus ) in northern
Idaho. Idaho Dep. Fish and Game, Boise. 34pp.

Wallen, R.L. and C.R. Groves. 1989. Distribution, breeding
biology, and nesting habitat of harlequin ducks
( Histrionicus histrionicus ) in northern Idaho. Idaho
Dep. Fish and Game, Boise. 39pp.

21

DISTRIBUTION AMD STATUS OF THE HARLEQUIN DUCK

Oil THE GALLATIN NATIONAL FOREST, MONTANA

V

I Wl-

Montana

15a J ■

Hel

^

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•d by
larkum

spyy

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September ] 7 f 1990

SUMMARY

m r. The
meaningful
observatior
from a stuc".

appear to j
sloping bar
shrubs. Se _
suitable he-
because of
habitat pre '
Although tf
some harleq
populations-
transitory .
on the nee*
duck bioloo.
with highei

rere conducted on 12 streams in the

INTRODUCTION

The harlequin, duck ( Histrio ni cus fa i s t r i o n i cu s ) Is a member

of the tribe Mergini (sea ducks) and as such is taxonomically
related to the eiders ( Soroateria sp, and Pcilvstjurtci stelleri ) ,
scoters ( Melanitta ) , and oldsquaw ( Clangula faye mails) (Johnsgard

1978). However, because of their preference for isolated, swift-
flowing mountain streams as breeding habitat, harlequin, ducks
appear to be more similar ecologically to the torrent duck
( Merganetta armata ) of South America, and the blue cluck
( Hymeno 1 a i to u s malacho rh ynchos ) of New Zealand (Bengston 1966) ,

The distribution of the harlequin duck is divided into
distinct eastern and western populations (Figure 1 ) {Bellrose
1980). The relatively small eastern population extends across
northeastern North America, Greenland, and Labrador,, reaching its
Uhighest density in Iceland (Bengston 1966) , The western
population is found near the west coast of North America from
northern California to Alaska, with the greatest numbers
occurring in the Aleutian Islands; a small number also may he
found along the coast of the Siberian peninsula (Bellrose 1980) ,

Throughout their range harlequin clucks tend to winter on
rocky wave -pounded ocean coasts and breed on isolated swift-
flowing mountain streams (Bengston 1966, Johnsgard 1978), The
majority of the western population winters on the Aleutian Island
National Wildlife Refuge* where up to one million harlequins may
be found (Bellrose 1980). Further south, Christmas bird counts
have found only 500 birds along the coast of British Columbia and

Fxgure 1. Harlequin duck distribution in North America. ( f nrom
Belirose 1980).

only 25-50 birds along the coasts of Washington and Oregon; there
also are scattered reports of harlequins wintering along the
coast of northern California (Bellrose 1980) . Occasionally
harlequins are sighted wintering inland in the Rocky Mountains
but these reports are rare (see Wallen 1987).

The breeding range of the western population extends inland,
following the Cascade and Sierra ranges south into northern
California, and the Rocky Mountain range west and south, across
northern Idaho and western Montana, into the northwestern corner
of Wyoming (Bellrose 1980). Considered rare in Idaho (Burleigh
1972) , recent surveys have found breeding harlequins in several
•drainages in the Idaho panhandle north of the Lochsa River
(Wallen and Groves 1988, 1989). In Montana, harlequins breed in
small numbers along the Rocky Mountain chain from Glacier
national Park (GNP) (Kuchel 1977} to Yellowstone National Park
(YNP) (T. McBneaney, pers. obs . ) and scattered points in between
(D. Center, pers, obs,). Breeding harlequins also are known from
Grand Teton, Motional Park (GTNP) , Wyoming {Waller 198?) .

Most detailed knowledge of harlequin duck breeding biology
has come from studies in Iceland (Bengston 1966, 1972), In North
AiT>erica f harlequin duck breeding chronology and breeding habit set
have been described for Prince William Sound, Alaska (Dzinbal
1982) , Glacier National Park (Kuchel 1977) , and Grand Teton
National Park (Wallen 1987) ,

Concerning breeding chronology, pair formation usually
occurs on the wintering grounds (Bellrose 1980). In GTNP, Mall en

(1987) found that harlequin ducks began to arrive on the breeding
grounds during the first week of May. Pairs commonly were
observed on the streams until the onset of incubation in late
•June or the first week of July. At this time drakes and unpaired
hens left for the coast while nesting hens remained secluded on
the nest. Broods did not begin to appear on the streams until
mid-July or early August, Hens and broods remained on the
breeding streams until mid-September after which, they also
departed for the coast. This chronology is consistent with the
observations of Kuchel (1977) and Dzlnbal {1982} .

Wallen (1987) characterized! harlequin duck breeding habitat
in GTNP as low gradient (<3 degrees) mountain streams with
meandering channels, dense perennial shrubs on the banks, high
water quality, and little or no hum an disturbance. He also f ou nd
that harlequins appeared to prefer stream sections that had >3
midstream loafing sites per 10 m and avoided sections where both
banks approached the stream at >45 degree angle (i.e. bedrock
canyons) .

In Iceland, harlequin ducks tended to nest In dense shrubs
on river Islands or in the cracks and crevices formed by large
lava blocks along stream hanks, again under dense shrubs
(Bengston 1966, 1972), No nest sites have been found during
studies in North America but probable nesting habitat has been
Inferred from observations of recently hatched broods. Kuchel
(1977) considered dense shrubs surrounding beaver ponds or
abandoned meanders to provide harlequin nesting hail tat in GWP .

Similar habitat did not occur along breeding streams in GTNP so
Wallen (198?) considered that dense shrubs along the lowest-
gradient (<1 degree) sections of streams where breeding pairs had
been observed was the roost likely nesting habitat in that area,

OBJECTIVES

Proper management of a wildlife species is dependent on
knowledge of the distribution and abundance of that species,

along with its habitat needs and behavioral characteristics.
Therefore, the objectives of this survey effort were first , to
document the distribution and abundance of harlequin ducks on the

Gallatin National Forest, and second, to record the habitat
characteristics of stream sections used by harlequin ducks and
record observations of harlequin duck behavior.

STUDY AREA AND METHODS

Harlequin duck surveys were conducted on sections of 12

streams on the Gallatin National Forest and two streams on the
Custer Nat ion ad. Forest (Figures 2). Streams were selected based on
size (>10 in in width) and* gradient (<3 degrees), following the
criteria used by Wallen and Groves (1988, 1989) in northern
Idaho .

Surveys were conducted from May to August with roost stream
sections surveyed at least once during May or June and again

THREE

D F0KK5

Bit ^i^A&E^

Figure 2. Harlequin duck survey areas (highlighted) on streams in

Gallatin and Custer National Forests, Montana. May- Aug 1990.

during July or August (Table 1). Because this survey was not
formally initiated until the first week of June, little work was
accomplished during May, which may be the best time for observing
pairs (Wallen and Groves 1988, 1989: Cassirer 1989), No surveys
were conducted during the first half of .July because of the low
probability of observing harlequins during this time,

Except as noted below, surveys "were conducted by walking
upstream as close to the shore as possible and scanning both
upstream and downstream with binoculars. Portions of the Gallatin
River from Squaw Creek to Big Sky, where the river is easily
observed from the road, were surveyed by bicycle, with frequent
stops to scan with binoculars; the Gallatin River from Big Sky to
Taylor Creek was surveyed by canoe. Portions of Taylor Creek,
Mill Creek, and the Boulder River (19 May only) were checked by
car, again with frequent stops to scan with binoculars.
Informational posters about harlequin ducks were placed at Forest
Service campgrounds in the survey area by personnel of Gallatin
National Forest . Posters also were handed out to rafting/fishing
outfitters on the Gallatin, River,

Stream lengths and/ or gradients were determined from OSGS
topographical maps. General habitat conditions were described
qualitatively for locations where harlequin ducks were observed
and: generally followed the characteristics used by Wallen {1987}.
These characteristics include bank vegetation (coniferous forest,
shrubland, meadow, open), bank slope (<>45 degrees), channel
type (meandering, braided, straight, bedrock canyon), stream

Table 1. Harlequin duck survey routes and dates, Gallatin and Custer
National Forests. May - August 1990,

STREAM
Beaver

Boulder

DATES

21 Jun

8 Aug

19 May

6 Jun

16 Jul

7 Aug
1 3 Aug
23 Aug

19 May

25 Jul

13 Aug

West Boulder 28 May

2 Aug

East Boulder

Cabin

Gallatin

Grayling

Hyalite

Madison
Mill

21 Jun

8 Aug

23 May

27 Jul

30 Jul

1 Aug

21 Aug

22 Jun

9 Aug

16 Jun

19 Jun

21 May
1 4 Aug

West Rosebud 14 Jun

Squaw 23 May

27 Jul

START

T11S R3E S21 Ml/2
T11S R3E S21 Sl/2

T3S R12E S26 Ml/2

T4S R12E SI 5 NE1/4

T6S R12E S4 SE1/4

T6S R12E S4 NE1/4

T4S R12E S15 NE1/4

T5S R12E S35 SWi/4

T4S R12E S36 SWI/4

T3S R13E S29 Ml/2

T4S R13E S2 Wl/2

T4S R13E 54 NE1/4

T3S R13E S29 Ml/2

T3S RUE S25 Ml/ 2
T3S RUE S3 6 NW1/4

T11S R3E

T11S R3E

S15 Sl/2

S15 Sl/2

T4S R3E S29 SE1/4

T4S R4E S29 SE1/4

TBS R4E S33 SE1/4

T6S R4E S13 NW1/4

T9S R4E S2 SWI/4

T12S R5E
T12S R5E

S10 Wl/2
S10 El/ 2

T3S R6E S3 2 SWI/4
T4S RSE S9 NW1/4

8 Aug Til 5 R3E S22 MSI/ 4

TBS R9E S32 SE1/4

T5S R9E S32 SE1/4

T6S R17E S33 NW1/4

TBS R4E SI NE1/4

T4S R4E S3 3 SE1/4

END

T10S R3E
T10S R3E

S33 Nl/2

S33 Sl/2

T6S R12E S21 SWI/4

T4S R12E S36 SWI/4

T6S R12E S21 SWl/i

T6S R12E S21 SWI/4

T4S R12E S36 SWI/4

T6S R12E S4 NE1/4

T6S R12E S21 Nl/2

T3S R13E S32 SE1/4

T4S R13E SI 4 Sl/2

T4S R13E S3 4 Sl/2

T4S R13E S4 NE1 /4

T4S RUE Si 6 SE1/4

T4S RUE S28 SWI/4

TllS R3E

T11S RSE

511 Sl/2
Sli Sl/2

TBS R4E SI 5 NW1/4

T5S R4E S33 SE1/4

TBS R4E S25 Sl/2

T6S R4E S32 SE1/4

T6S R4E S3 2 SE1/4

T12S R5E 5 9 SWI/4

T12S R5E S9 SWI/4

T4S R6E S9 NW1/4

T4S R6E S15 Wl/2

TllS R3E S2 2 SWI/4

T6S R10E S33 Wl/2

T6S R10E S19 SWI/4

T7S R16E S2 SWI/4

TBS RSE So Wl/2

T5S RSE S6 Wl/2

DATES

START

12 Jun

TBS

RISE S21

Nil/ 4

T5S

1 3 Jun

T5S

R15E S32

SW1/4

T6S

29 Aug

TBS

R15E S32

SW1/4

T6S

30 Aug

T6S

R14E S24

SW1/4

T7S

Table 1, {continued)

STREAM DATES START END

Stillwater 12 Jun TBS R15E S21 NE1/4 T5S R15E S32 SW1/4

R14E S3 5 SW1/4

R14E S24 SW1/4

R14E S10 SW1/4

Taylor 9 Aug T9S R4E 52 SW1/4 T9S R4E 57 SE1/4

gradient, and availability of midstream loafing sites (0, 1-3,
>3/10 iti) . Stream flow data for the Boulder River drainage was
determined by measurements taken 5 September using the methods of
Robbins and Crawford (1954) . Seasonal (1990) and historic (1981-
1990) stream flow data for the Boulder and Gallatin rivers was
provided by the U.S. Geological Survey (Helena, MT) . Gauging
stations are located on the Boulder River at Big Timber and the
Gallatin River at Gait latin Gateway. The Big Timber station does
not provide actual stream flow for the Boulder River study area
but should accurately reflect relative seasonal and yearly
changes that occur ad: the study site. The Gallatin Gateway
station provide actual stream flow data for much of the Gallatin
River study area.

RESULTS

Sections of 14 streams were surveyed in. Gallatin and Custer
National forests during May - August 1390 (Figure 2). These
streams represent all the potential harlequin duck breeding
habitat in Gallatin National Forest, based on size and gradient
requirements. A description of survey routes is given in Table 1.

9

A total of 18 harlequin ducks were observed on the Boulder River

over three separate days. These probably represent 15 individual
ducks. Harlequins were not observed on any other stream. Some
sightings were reported in. response to the posters but these were
not relayed to the field investigator and have not been verified.

Harlequin Duck Observations

19 May (6:00pm): One pair was observed on the Boulder liver
(T6S R12E 59) 0.4 miles (odometer reading) upstream from the
Hillaary bridge (Figure 3) , The pair initially was seen from the
road and appeared to be resting in the relatively calm water near
the west shore, about 40 m downstream from a set of shallow
riffles. As we approached for a closer view the pair quickly
moved upstream with the female in the lead. Both ducks maintained
a low profile with the head held low to the water. However, both
needed the assistance of their wings to negotiate the riffles.
Once beyond the riffles the pair relaxed but continued to move
upstream. They disappeared from view after about five minutes of
observation. Habitat : Meandering channel with smooth moderate
current below a small section of shallow riffles. Both banks
sloped gradually into the water (<45 degrees) arid were forested,
with only a light shrub understory which grew to he moderately
dense (i.e. screening the river from the road) later in the
season. No loafing sites were available. Distance from the road
varied from 5 to 30 wo

10

6 June (11:30am): Five adult males were observed on the

Boulder River (T6S R12E S9) 0.5 miles {odometer reading) upstream
from the Hilleary bridge (Figure 3). This group of drakes was
seen floating downstream with the main current, which, wets
separated from a calm backwater area by a gravel bar. The main
current was strong enough in this stretch to raise standing waves
approximately 0,5 in high, The ducks appeared to be doing nothing
more than traveling downstream. They quickly disappeared from
view. Habitat ; A straight reach in a gen.era.lly meandering channel
with a strong current stacked up in short standing waves. Both
banks sloped gradually to the water. The west bank was forested
with an understory of moderately dense shrubs; the east bank was
an open gravel bar which separated, the main channel from a
backwater area. There were no loafing sites in this stretch.
Distance to the road was 30-40 m.

6 June (11 :30am); One pair was observed on the Boulder River
(T6S R12E 59} 0.5 miles (odometer reading) upstream, from the
Hilleary Bridge (Figure 3) , The pair was first, seen in a
backwater area along the east hank and was observed for 20
minutes. During the first 10 minutes the pair casually swam
around in small circles, feeding by dipping the bill into the
water, the hen more often than the drake. During this period the
drake would approach the hen and. peck at the back of her neck.
Over the last 3-4 minutes of this time period the frequency and
intensity of these pecks quickly increased, culminating with
mounting which lasted 4 seconds. The hen then escaped but was

11

rapidly pursued by the drake. Within a matter of a few seconds
their behavior calmed and the pair swam out to the gravel bar ,
They spent the next 10 minutes walking about along the shore and
poking among the rocks with their bills, occasionally stopping to
preen for a few seconds. They were still involved in this
behavior when 1 left to continue the survey. This pair was seen
about two hours later (2; 00pm) resting on the same gravel bar.
1 Backwater area formed by a log jam and separated from
the main channel by a gravel bax (see description above), The
east bank sloped gently to the water and was forested, with an
understory of dense shrubs. Because of the high water at this
time of year, many of the bank shrubs were flooded, providing
cover for the harlequins on the water. Midstream loafing sites
consisted of a few partially submerged logs (1-3/10 m) and the
large gravel bar. Distance from the road was 30-40 m,

6 June (4:00pm) ; A single adult hen was observed on the
Boulder River (T6S R12E S3) about 400 in downstream from Fourmile
Creek. The hen. initially was sighted on a rock on the east bank
of the river- She spent about 1 minute preening then entered the
water and was observed feeding by diving for a couple minutes
more before disappearing from view, Habjjrat ; Meandering channel
with a strong current broken into sections of Whitewater by large
subsurface rooks. The hen used an eddy along the east bank which
was formed by a large boulder which jutted out into the current,
The east bank was cut out and. approached the water very steeply.
Adjacent to the water it was composed of large rocks and

12

driftwood and above it was primarily bare soil. The west bank
sloped gently to the water and was forested, with a dense
understory of shrubs which made viewing difficult. No midstream
loafing sites were present because of the high water level but
there were abundant loafing sites along the east bank. Distance
from the road was >200 m but a well-worn trail followed the west
hank and an undeveloped campground was located on the west bank
about 100 in upstream.

23 August (2:00pm): A group of 8 harlequins of undetermined
age and! sex was observed on, the Boulder River (T6S R12E S1.2)
about 500 m downstream from the Alpine Lodge (Figure 3). A short
time previous to this observation a small group of harlequins was
seen flying upstream from a point 1-2 km downstream from where
the group of 8 was observed. It is believed that these were two
observations of the same group. This group was observed for about
15 minutes as they slowly worked their way downstream, feeding
along the way by bill clipping, head dipping, tipping-up, and
diving. The type of feeding behavior appeared to be related to
water depth. Individuals of the group occasionally would walk out
on shore and preen for a few seconds before returning to the
group. Group members never were separated by more than a total of
15 m. The group traveled about 100 m downstream before
disappearing from view. Habit at : Meandering stream channel with a
relatively gentle current broken by a short stretch of shallow
riffles. Both banks sloped gently to the water and were; forested.
Shrub cover was moderately dense on both banks. There were no

13

to

c

.*:'!.•<€ ^\.-t\' \-

it,?-?

V-

v.f

r ,\.

— *r,^-

: r c.

<

Hrftfe^fe:

v -.'-».

Figure 3. Harlequin duck observation locations

on the Boulder River, Gallatin National
Forest, Montana. May-Aug 1990.

oc

1 A

midstream loafing sites but short gravel bars did occur at
intervals along both banks. Distance from the road was about 200

m but a well-worn trail followed the east bank. This trail was
screened from the river by the moderately dense growth of shrubs.

Boulder River Survey Area

The Boulder River was surveyed from Falls Creek campground
to Hicks Park campground. Total distance covered was 26,06 km and

elevation ranged from 1585 m (5200 ft) to 1932 m (6340 ft). This
equated to a mean gradient of 1.3% or 0.6 degrees. The specific
section of the river from which all harlequin duck observations
came (Figure 3) rein from approximately 400 m downstream of
Fourmile Creek to 300 m upstream of Clear Creek. The length of
this section was 5.14 km and the elevation ranged from 1865 m
(6120 ft) to 1914 m (6280 ft), for a mean gradient of 0.9% or 0.4
degrees. The channel meandered the entire length of the survey
area with the exception of Hell's Canyon, which is a straight,
narrow, bedrock canyon. This was the only section of the Boulder
River survey in which both banks approached the water at >45
degrees angle. Flow volume, measured on 5 September, was 24.9 5
cms (81.86 cfs) which was the lowest flow during the survey
period. Flow measurements were taken in the harlequin duck
observation area (Figure 3} . Stream flow data re cored at the 1ISGS
gauging station in Big Timber is included in Table 2. Similar
data from the Gallatin River are presented for comparison.

15

Historic stream flow values over the past 10 years also are
presented for both rivers (Table 3), Water quality as determined
by clarity remained high throughout the survey period although
the water was slightly cloudy during the highest flows in May,

Table 2. Monthly average, maximum, and minimum stream discharge
(cfs) for the Boulder and Gallatin rivers, May-Sept 1990 (USGS ,
Helena, MT) .

Boulder

mean, 723 149 8

May iriin 369

max 1960 I '--'

mean 2 206 r. '-

June min 958 ! I :

max 4220 ,. ' '

mean 1227

•July mill 327

max 3490 ;

mean 206 577

Aug ruin 119 471

max 316 714

mean 119 418

Sept lain 7 5 37 8

max 194 484

Other Wildlife Observations

Dippers ( Dolichonyx oryziv o rus ) were common on all streams

with the exception of Taylor Creek. Common mergansers ( Mergus

loeorcjaunosococ} were observed on the East Boulder, West Boulder,
Stillwater, and Gallatin Rivers. No more than three common
mergansers were seen on any one survey day with the exception of
21 August when a group o 25 and another group of 10 flightless

16

common mergansers were seen on the Gallatin. River between Big Sky
and Taylor Creek, Mallards (Anas p 1 a t y r h y n c h o s ) and teal ( Anas
spp.) were seen in small numbers in. quiet pools and backwater

areas along the Boulder, West Boulder, and Stillwater rivers.
Canada geese ""___ nta canadensis ) were observed along calm
sections of trie west Boulder and Stillwater rivers.

Table 3. Average, minimum, and maximum stream discharge for the
Boulder and Gallatin rivers for 1981-1990 (USGS, Helena, MT) .

Boulder Gallatin

% ^_ _ i

year mean 3 max (mo) ° min(mo) mean 3 max(mo) u min

mo) c

* *

* *

* *

2722 (jun) " . 860 3211 (jun) 466 (sep)

2916 (jun) : " *

2419 (jun) •' *

2628 (jun) "' ' ^ *

14411 jun) """ - ay)

2692 (jun) - un)

1152 (may) ay)

2020 (jun) ~ ; -_■ .ay)

2366 (jun) " - _. un)

""OS (jun) " ' - . un)

(all da; .est mon an fc May

- Sept., c- xuwest mon niiy meciii lor periou imj ~ Sept., * - no

data .

DISCUSSION

The number of harlequin cluck observations was too small to
make meaningful comparisons or predictions of habitat use
patterns. However, the observations that were made compare
favorably with the results obtained from a study in GTNP (Wallen
1987), For example, no observations were made in locations where
both stream banks approached the water at >45 degree angle or

1.7

where bank vegetation was open. The Boulder River also had a mean
gradient <3 degrees, which Waller. (1987) considered a requirement
of harlequin breeding habitat. However, all the streams surveyed
during this study had a mean gradient in this range. Finally, the
harlequin duck observation area (Figure 3) appeared to have
suitable nesting habitat in terms of backwater areas and beaver
ponds with dense perennial shrubs around the edges,, However,
these areas usually were within a few meters of a heavily used
road. Public use along the river appeared to be moderate except
in, close proximity to the road and campgrounds. Wallen (1987)
found that harlequin ducks, especially hens with broods, tended
to avoid areas with ranch human activity.

The only streams surveyed, that did not appear to offer
suitable harlequin duck habitat were Mill, Taylor, Cabin, and.
Hyalite creeks. Mill Creek paralleled the road, for most of its
length, which forced the creek into a narrow rooky channel with
steep banks. The only area that appeared suitable in. terms of
channel and gradient had open, banks with little vegetation.
Taylor Creek was at the lower limit of size and the upper limit
of gradient and had little or no vegetation, along the banks. This
was the only stream surveyed where dippers were not observed.
Both Cabin and Hyalite creeks probably were too small and steep
for harlequin ducks, having channels confined to narrow canyons.

The West Boulder and Stillwater rivers were very similar in
physio-gamy with, the exception, of the Stillwater River's much
greater size. Both had sections of calm open, water flowing

18

through grass/sedge meadows interspersed with sections with
narrow canyons and steep gradients. Suitable" habitat did appear
to occur but probably is limited in extent,. The lower section of
Beaver Creek appeared to provide all the features of suitable
habitat but the upper half had, wide gravel/rock banks which
provided no cover along the stream.

The Gallatin River and West Rosebud Creek appeared to offer
suitable habitat throughout much of their length but both
suffered from heavy human use, particularly fishermen. This may
have discouraged harlequins from using these area. Squaw
Creek also provided good habitat but may have been on the small
side and also may have suffered some frora high levels of human
activity ,

The East Boulder River was the best candidate for harlequin
duck observations of all streams surveyed. It had all the habitat
features identified by Waller (1987) and was the only stream
surveyed that did not have a road or trail running -along its
length. Grayling Creek also appeared to meet all the
qualifications except possibly that of size.

CONCLUSION

Because of their size, color (especially hens and young) ,
and habitat preference, harlequin ducks are difficult to spot in
the wild. The possibility of overlooking individuals during
surveys must be considered to be quite high. Although T believe

19

that the survey effort as presented in, this report was very

thorough, this report does not provide positive proof for the
absence of harlequin ducks in the streams examined!. However, if
populations exist on streams beside the Boulder River they are
likely to be very small and transitory.

The Stillwater and Boulder drainages may he at the; eastern
edge of harlequin range in Montana. Because so little is known of
the habitat requirements and limits of breeding harlequin ducks
it is difficult to say with certainty that suitable: habitat does
exist in these areas in any great amount, Determining the habitat
requirements of harlequin ducks continues to be the most pressing
need, for proper management of this species on its breeding
grounds ,

Additional survey work in this area will be dependent on the
informational needs of the management agencies. Increasing human
activity along streams and the potential for water quality
degradation from a variety of sources are probably the main
impacts facing harlequin duck habitat in southwestern Montana ..
Additional study on the biology and habitat needs of harlequin
ducks would be more fruitful in areas with higher harlequin
densiti.es .

LITERATURE CITED

Bellrose, F.C. 1980. Pucks, geese, and swans of Worth America.
Stackpole Books. Harrisburg, PA. 540pp.

Bengston, S.A. 1966, Field etudi.es of the harlequin deck h
Iceland, Wildfowl Trust Ann. Rep, 17:79-94.

20

Bengston, S.A. 1972. Breeding ecology of harlequin ducks

Clilst rionicus histrionicu s) In Iceland, Ornis Scand. 3:1-19.

Burleigh, T.D.1972. Birds of Idaho, Caxton Printers, Ltd.,
Caldwell, ID.

Cassirer, E.F. 1989. Distribution and status of harlequin ducks
( Hi s t r ioni cus histrionic us ) on the Nez Perce National
Forest, Idaho. Idaho Dep. Fish and Game, Boise.
18pp.

Dzmbal, K.A. " " .gy of harlequin, ducks in. Prince William
Sound, A'- ~~ -- ' " .g summer. M.S. Thesis, Oregon St. Univ.,
Corvalli

Johnsgard, P. A. 1978. Ducks, geese, and swans of the world. Univ.
Nebraska. Press, Lincoln. 404pp.

Kuchel, C.R. 1977. Some aspects of the behavior and ecology of

harlequin ducks breeding in Glacier National Park, Montana.
M.S. Thesis, Univ. Montana, Missoula. 147pp.

Robins, C.R. and R.W. Crawford. 1954. A short accurate method for
estimating the volume of stream flow. J. Wildl . Mange.
18:366-369.

Wallen, R.L. 1987. Habitat utilization of harlequin ducks in

Grand teton National Park. M.S. Thesis, Montana St. Univ.,
Bozeman. 67pp.

Wallen, R . I- =>~x o.r. Groves. 1988. Status and distribution of
harlec Iks ( Histrionicus hist ri onicus ) in northern.
Idaho. Dep. Fish and Game, Boise. 34pp.

Wallen, R.L. and C.R. Groves. 1989. Distribution, breeding

biology, and nesting habitat of harlequin ducks
{ Histrionicus histrionicus ) in northern Idaho. Idaho
Dep, Fish and Game, Boise. 39pp.

21

K.

\0

:\J>

\y]AC\ M

Table 1. Harlequin duck survey routes and dates, Gallatin and Cust
National Forests. May - August 1990. /

STREAM

DATES

START

%

Beaver

21

Jun

TllS R3E

S21 Nl/2

8

Aug

TllS R3E

S21 Sl/2

Boulder

19

May

T3S

R12E

S26 Wl/2

6

Jun

T4S

R12E

S15 NE1/4

T6S

R12E

S4

SEl/4

16

Jul

T6S

R12E

S4

NE1/4

7

Aug

T4S

R12E

S15 NE1/4

13

Aug

T5S

R12E

S35 SW1/4

23

Aug

T4S

ts. X *u Hj

S36 SW1/4

East Boulder

19

May

T3S

R13E

S29 Nl/2

T4S

R13E

S2

Wl/2

25

Jul

T4S

R13E

S4

NE1/4

13

Aug

1 JO

R13E

S29 Nl/2

West Boulder

28

May

T3S

RUE

S25 Nl/2

2

Aug

T3S

RUE

S36 NW1/4

Cabin

21

Jun

TllS R3E

S15 Sl/2

8

Aug

TllS R3E

S15 Sl/2

Gallatin

23

May

T4S

R3E I

329

SEl/4

27

Jul

T4S

R4E :

329

SEl/4

30

Jul

TBS

R4E {

333

SEl/4

1

Aug

T6S

R4E i

313

NW1/4

21

Aug

T9S

R4E S2

SW1/4

Grayling

22

Jun

T12S R5E

S10 Wl/2

9

Aug

T12S R5E

SIC

) El/2

Hyalite

16

Jun

T3S

R6E S32

r SWl/4

19

Jun

T4S

R6E S9 tNWl/4

Madison

8

Aug

TllS

5 R3E

S 2 *:

J NE1/4

Mill

21

May

R9E S32

SEl/4

14

Aug

T5S

R9E S32

.SEl/4
1 NW1/4

West Rosebud

14

Jun

T6S

R17E

O ,5 ^

Squaw

23

May

T5S

R4E SI

fcl/4

27

Jul

T4S

R4E S33

lSEl/4

END

T10S R3E S33
T10S R3E S33

T6S R12E S21
T4S R12E S36
T6S R12E S21
T6S R12E S21
T4S R12E S36
T6S R12E S4
T6S R12E S21

Nl/2
Sl/2

SW1/4
SW1/4
SW1/4
SW1/4
SW1/4
NE1/4
Nl/2

T3S R13E S32 SEl/4

T4S R13E S14 Sl/2

T4S R13E S14 Sl/2

T4S R13E S4 NE1/4

T4S RUE S16 SEl/4
T4S RUE S28 SW1/4

TllS R3E Sll Sl/2
TllS R3E Sll Sl/2

T5S R4E S15 NW1/4
T5S R4E S33 SEl/4
T5S R4E S25 Sl/2
T6S R4E S32 SEl/4
T6S R4E S32 SEl/4

T12S R5E S9 SW1/4
T12S R5E S9 SW1/4

T4S R6E S9 NW1/4

T4S R6E S15 Wl/2

TllS R3E S22 SW1/4

T6S R10E S33 Wl/2
T6S R10E S19 SW1/4

T7S R16E S2 SW1/4

T5S R5E S6 Wl/2
T5S R5E S6 Wl/2

17

STREAM
Stillwater

Taylor

DATES START

12 Jun T5S R15E S21 NE1/4

13 Jun T5S R15E S32 SW1/4

29 Aug T5S R15E S32 SW1/4

30 Aug T6S R14E S24 SW1/4

9 Aug T9S R4E S2 SW1/4

END

TBS R15E S32 SW1/4

T6S R14E S35 SW1/4

T6S R14E S24 SW1/4

T7S R14E S10 SW1/4

T9S R4E S7 SE1/4

18

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Site condition

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MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROBRAM
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